ALS or Astronomy Life Style is astronomy weblog uses english that contained many astronomy articles, matters of astronomy et cetera. ALS also served free download of astronomy exercises. It is hoped all that the author gave could be useful for all of them.
About ALS
Saturday, February 9, 2008
The Tips Go to Astronomy Competition
Monday, January 21, 2008
Study from my friends who had followed astronomy olympiad, i want to give you a few tips to be success in the olympiad.
1.Before The Competition Day
- Check and recheck your healt in the nearest hospital or a doctor.
- Prepair your brain with eat the nutritious foods one month before competition,
- Not afraid to ask to your teachers or friends about the unknown lessons,
- Begin to be your self and optimist that you can be a winner.
- Pray before test is begin,
- Answer with the bright reason, and then the jury can understand your work,
- Use other formula (your creativities) for finish your work to get plus scores from the jury,
- Center for the problems of test, no think the other except the problems.
Goodluck
The Solar System
Sun
Sun is a star that too much is not different from other stars in the universe. Its form like the same ball like other stars with the radius around 1,392,000 kilometres and has the very high temperature. It have mass about 1,900,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 kg. Its distance is 149,597,980 km from the Earth or 1 AU (Astronomical Unit). Sun is in the class spectrum the star G that is the star is yellow that have the effective temperature about 6000 K. In its centre happens the process of the very horrifying nuclear explosion. That is the burning of four Hydrogen atoms become one core of the Helium atom. So as the temperature in its centre reached 15.000.000 K. In the exterior of the appearance Sun like disc is golden that is acknowledged as the Photosphere.
Sun is a star that too much is not different from other stars in the universe. Its form like the same ball like other stars with the radius around 1,392,000 kilometres and has the very high temperature. It have mass about 1,900,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 kg. Its distance is 149,597,980 km from the Earth or 1 AU (Astronomical Unit). Sun is in the class spectrum the star G that is the star is yellow that have the effective temperature about 6000 K. In its centre happens the process of the very horrifying nuclear explosion. That is the burning of four Hydrogen atoms become one core of the Helium atom. So as the temperature in its centre reached 15.000.000 K. In the exterior of the appearance Sun like disc is golden that is acknowledged as the Photosphere.
Is based on the data that is received it is estimated the Sun is 5 billion years old and will change to the giant's red star 5 billion following years.
Read More......
Planet
Was based on the decision that was agreed to International Astronomical Union (IAU) last August 2006 was appointed that the planet is the celestial object that orbit around the Sun, have the mass that is enough so as the style of its gravitation can maintain its form as the almost round solid, as well as have the clean orbit in a sense do not cut or the overlap with the orbit of the other planet. In our Solar System that including the group of the planets are based on this definition are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.
Mercury
Mercury is the closest planet with the sun with the semi-major axis 0,387 AU or 57,909,175 km from the Sun. In its circulation surrounded the sun, Mercury needs time for 87,97 days with the period of the rotation 58,65 days. This planet has mass 3.3 x 1023 kg and diameter 4879.4 km. Imagined, because of its distance that very close with the sun, the temperature in the surface of this planet really extreme. During the day the temperature in the surface of this planet achieved 400 degree celcius (is hot enough to melt solid zinc) and -150 degree celcius tonight. The surface of Mercury is not as smooth as the planet earth. The surface of this planet is filled with the craters that are estimated because the collision of the meteor or asteroids resulting from the nonexistence of the atmosphere that covered this planet. Its surface materials consist of basaltic and anorthositic rocks and regolith.
Venus
Venus is the second planet closest with the sun after the planet mercury. Its semi-major axis is 0,723 AU or 108.208.930 km. Its diameter 12104 km with mass 4.87 x 1024 kg.This planet has the period of rotation 243,02 days (that a direction with the hour needle that is from the east to the west) that is significantly older than time that is needed to complete one round of its orbit over the sun (224,7 days).The content of the atmosphere in this planet most are carbondioxide (97%) and the rest of them nitrogen (its atmosphere is very thick). So as very impossible to believe in the existence of the life in this planet. Moreover, because of the amount of carbondioxide that is contained in its atmosphere cause the occurrence of the incident greenhouse effect. Although in covered with CO2, the experts astrobiology estimate the existence termobactery certain that still can be holding the life there.
Earth
The Earth is the only planet in the Solar System that inside is gotten by the life. Its mass around 5,980,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 kg with the diameter of the ball 12756 km. The density of the the Earth is the same as the density of Venus around 5,52 g/cm3. Time that is needed Earth to complete one round of its orbit over the Sun for 365,25 days. With the period of rotation about 23,93 hours. The compiler's component of the Earth atmosphere consist of 78% Nitrogen, 21% Oxygen and 1% Argon. Although having many similarities with Venus, but the temperature of the Earth surface not is as hot in the Venus surface. The temperature in the Earth surface in general 287 K. The Earth have a satellite that have a name the Moon.
Mars
The planet that often is acknowledged as red planet have the radius twice the radius of the Moon, that is as big as 3393 km and its mass 642,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 kg. With the density 3,8 g/cm3, smaller than the Earth’s density. The average distance of Mars from the Sun to 227,936,640 km with eccentricity of the orbit 0,093. Its rotation period and its orbital period are 1,026 days and 687 days (1,9 years) respectively. In broad outline, the surface part of the Mars, is divided into two, namely the southern part that is the area of the plateau that is full of the crater and indentations as well as the northern part that most consist of the plain that is full of the volcano that go out. The biggest crater that was found in this planet had diameter about 1800 km with the depth 6 km and was given a name Hellas. If in Earth is gotten the Everest mountain that is the highest mountain in Earth, evidently in the Mars planet also is gotten Volcano Mount that is highest in the Solar System that is given by the name “Olympus Mons” that have the height 24 km on the surface of the planet. The composition of the atmosphere of the Mars of the compiler's gas consisted of 95,3% CO2, 2,7% Nitrogen, 1.6%Argon, and other gas like Oxygen, carbon monoxide and steam. Mars have two satellites that are named Phobos and Deimos that are their respective have the period of the rotation and the period of the same revolution, so as the two satellites will always show the side that is same in its rotation surrounded the Mars.
Jupiter
Jupiter is the biggest planet in the Solar System. Its radius around 71500 km or around 11 Earth radius times with the mass around 1,900,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 kg. And its density 1,33 g/cm3, smaller than the Earth density. This is caused because of the compiler's material of this planet is dominated by light elements, those are Hydrogen and Helium. The average distance of this planet is 778,412,020 km (the eccentricity of the orbit 0,048) from the Sun and needs time 11,86 years to complete one round of its orbit over the Sun. The period of the rotation of this planet is very fast, only 9,8 hours. This matter is caused because of the compiler's composition Jupiter that most consisted of light elements and caused his form to become rather flat. With the radius comparison in the pole and in the equator was 1/15. In the surface of this planet is gotten a spot that apparently have the shape of oval and coloured reddish, that is named the Great Red Spot. This spot in fact is the area of the very big collection of the storm cloud. Its size as big as 420,000,000 km2.The compiler's composition of the Jupiter atmosphere consisted of 90% H2, 9% Helium, 0,07% CH4, 0,02% NH3, and other gas that the amount very few. This planet is also famous in a fourth manner his satellite that is given by the name of the Galileo satellite (Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto), because that found the four of them was Galileo. Apart from the four satellites, Jupiter is still having 12 satellites more, that is Amalthea, Sinope, Pasiphae, Carme, Thebe, Leda, Himalia, Adrasthea, Elara, Lysithea, Metis, and Ananke.
Saturn
Saturn is the second biggest planet in the Solar System after Jupiter. Its diameter around 120660 km, its mass 569,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 kg and its density 0,705 g/cm3. Look at its density that is very small, make Saturn can be floating on the surface of water. The compiler's composition of this planet same like Jupiter that is dominated by light elements like Helium and Hydrogen. As a result the rotation of this planet become very fast (10,2 hours, fastest in the Solar System) and make this planet flat in its two poles. The compiler's composition of the Saturn atmosphere consist of 97% Hydrogen, 3% Helium, and Methane. The planet that be at a distance 1,426,725,400 km (with eccentricity of the orbit 0,056) from the Sun have the sidereal period 29,46 years. For quite a long time because of its distance that very far with the Sun. In Saturn also is gotten the great spot like available in Jupiter, that is the Great White Spot. This Great White Spot in fact is the storm cloud that its form is similar like the cloud cirrus available in the Earth atmosphere. In this spot is estimated the process of the crystallisation of ammonia happen. That is most interesting from this planet is rings that travel around it. That is located around 60330 km. These rings consist of thousands of rings that are made from particles that the size its bigger than particles that compiled Jupiter rings. These particles are measuring ice chunks 5 mm up to 5 m. It is wide that the ring reach 234000 km and its thickness only some hundred kilometres then. Like Jupiter, Saturn also has many satellites that accompany it. The satellite that is owned Saturn numbering 18 satellites, they are Pan, Rhea, Iapetus, Dione, Thetys, Mimas, Enceladus, Hyperion, Phoebe, Janus, Epimetheus, Atlas, Prometheus, Pandora, Telesto, Titan, Calypso, and Helena.
Uranus
The planet that have diameter 51118 km is in the distance 2,870,972,200 km (with eccentricity of orbit 0,77) so as to needs time 84 years to complete one round of its orbit. The period of its rotation only 17,9 hours (retrograde). This planet have the mass 86,800,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 kg and its density is 1,29 g/cm3. The compiler's components of the atmosphere of this planet including 83% Hydrogen, 15% Helium, and 2% Methane. Uranus also have the ring as in the case of Jupiter and Saturn. However, particles of the compiler of this rings are very thin and dark that consisted of stone chunks or material carbon. Uranus had 17 satellites that accompanied it they are Miranda, Ariel, Umbriel, Titania, Oberon, Cordelia, Ophelia, Bianca, Cressida, Desdemona, Juliet, Portia, Rosalind, Belinda, Puck, S/1997 U1, and S/1997 U2.
Neptune
Neptune have the mass around 102,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 kg or around 17 times more massive of the Earth. Its diameter is 49528 km with the density 1,64 g/cm3. Because of its distance that very far with the Sun that is around 4,498,252,900 km (eccentricity 0,009), this planet needs time around 164,8 years to complete one round of its orbit. The compiler's component of his atmosphere consisted of 74% Hydrogen, 25% Helium, and 1% Methane. Around this planet also is gotten the very thin ring. Neptune have 8 satellites those are Triton, Nereid, Naiad, Thalassa, Despina, Galatea, Larissa, and Proteus.
Dwarf Planet
Was based on the decision that was agreed to to International Astronomical Union (IAU) last August 2006 was appointed that dwarf planet is the celestial object that orbits around the Sun, have the mass that is enough so as the style of its gravitation can maintain its form as the almost round solid, and have the unclean orbit in a sense can cut or the overlap with the orbit of the other planet and not a satellite. Below these are objects the Solar System of the member's sky that including the group of dwarf planet (and their size) in part:
Asteroid
Asteroid is chunks of the space stone that it is suspected is the remnants of the fragment of the planet. The place of residence of asteroids in the Solar System is named the Asteroid Belt that is located between the orbit of the Mars and Jupiter. Asteroid that the first time was found was Ceres, that was found by an Italian astronomer named Giuseppe Piazzi during 1801. Initially, people thought that that was the planet that uptil now was sought by many astronomers according to Titius-Bode Method, that in the distance 2,8 AU ought to have a planet. However, finally they knew that that not a planet. Afterwards was followed again by the discovery asteroid that was given by the Pallas name and Vesta. Till at this time has been found around 18000 asteroid. One asteroid that is measuring big can threat the life of humankind in front of Earth if being successful penetrate (is not finished is burnt) the atmosphere and pound the Earth surface. Resulting from that is caused to be the formation of the crater that the width reach several kilometres because of its mass that is big. If this matter really happen, then as a result was like that had been experienced Earth 65 million years ago that caused the extinction of the dinosaurs.
Comet
Kuiper Belt
Frederick C. Leonard (1930) and Kenneth E. Edgeworth (1943) was the astronomers who the first time found the existence of the belt kuiper. During 1951, Gerard Kuiper proposed that this belt was the source from the comet that be aged short, that is the comet that had the period of the orbit less than 200 years. The belt and objects inside was named in accordance with the Kuiper name after the discovery (15760) 1992 QB1. The Kuiper belt is a territory in the Solar System that is located in and around the Neptune orbit (around 30 AU) up to 50 AU from the Sun. Objects are in this Kuiper belt acknowledged as the object trans-Neptune. The object trans-Neptune is the object in the Solar System by all or most orbits its passed the Neptune orbit. The Kuiper belt and the Oort cloud are the name for the subdivision from this space. Pluto and its satellite, Charon are the object trans-Neptune.
Oort Cloud
The Oort cloud is an immense spherical cloud surrounding the planetary system and extending approximately 3 light years, about 30 trillion kilometers from the Sun. This vast distance is considered the edge of the Sun's orb of physical, gravitational, or dynamical influence. Within the cloud, comets are typically tens of millions of kilometers apart. They are weakly bound to the sun, and passing stars and other forces can readily change their orbits, sending them into the inner solar system or out to interstellar space. This is especially true of comets on the outer edges of the Oort cloud. The structure of the cloud is believed to consist of a relatively dense core that lies near the ecliptic plane and gradually replenishes the outer boundaries, creating a steady state. One sixth of an estimated six trillion icy objects or comets are in the outer region with the remainder in the relatively dense core. In addition to stellar perturbations where another star's Oort cloud passes through or close to the Sun's Oort cloud, are the influences of giant molecular clouds and tidal forces. A giant molecular-cloud is by far more massive than the Sun. It is an accumulation of cold hydrogen that is the birthplace of stars and Solar System. These are infrequently encountered, about every 300-500 million years, but when they are encountered, they can violently redistribute comets within the Oort cloud. Tidal forces affecting the Oort cloud come from stars in the Milky Way's galactic disk with some pull from the galactic core. The tide results from the sun and comets being different distances from these massive amounts of matter. The force on the comets from these tides is greater than the perturbations of passing stars, and comets beyond 200,000 AU are easily lost to interstellar space. This pull contributes to the steady state which replenishes the outer comets that are randomly distributed away from the ecliptic plane. The total mass of comets in the Oort cloud is estimated to be 40 times that of Earth. This matter is believed to have originated at different distances and therefore temperatures from the sun, which explains the compositional diversity observed in comets. Typical noontime temperatures are four degrees Celsius above absolute zero. As temperatures move toward absolute zero, the kinetic energy of the molecules approach a finite value. Absolute zero should not be considered a state of zero energy without motion. There still remains some molecular energy, although it is at a minimum, at absolute zero. The Oort cloud is the source of long-period comets and possibly higher-inclination intermediate comets that were pulled into shorter period orbits by the planets, such as Halley and Swift-Tuttle. Comets can also shift their orbits due to jets of gas and dust that rocket from their icy surface as they approach the sun. Although they get off course, comets do have initial orbits with widely different ranges, from 200 years to once every million years or more. Comets entering the planetary region for the first time, come from an average distance of 44,000 astronomical units. Long period comets can appear at any time and come from any direction. Bright comets can usually be seen every 5-10 years. Two recent Oort cloud comets were Hyakutake and Hale-Bopp. Hyakutake was average in size, but came to 0.10 AU (15,000,000 km) from Earth, which made it appear especially spectacular. Hale-Bopp, on the other hand, was an unusually large and dynamic comet, ten times that of Halley at comparable distances from the sun, making it appear quite bright, even though it did not approach closer than 1.32 AU (197,000,000 km) to the Earth. Recognition of the Oort cloud gave explanation to the age old questions: "What are comets, and where do they come from?" In 1950, Jan H. Oort inferred the existence of the Oort cloud from the physical evidence of long-period comets entering the planetary system. This Dutch astronomer, who determined the rotation of the Milky Way galaxy in the 1920's, interpreted comet orbital distribution with only 19 well-measured orbits to study and successfully recognized where these comets came from. Additional gathered data has since confirmed his studies, establishing and expanding our knowledge of the Oort cloud.
Was based on the decision that was agreed to International Astronomical Union (IAU) last August 2006 was appointed that the planet is the celestial object that orbit around the Sun, have the mass that is enough so as the style of its gravitation can maintain its form as the almost round solid, as well as have the clean orbit in a sense do not cut or the overlap with the orbit of the other planet. In our Solar System that including the group of the planets are based on this definition are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.
Mercury
Mercury is the closest planet with the sun with the semi-major axis 0,387 AU or 57,909,175 km from the Sun. In its circulation surrounded the sun, Mercury needs time for 87,97 days with the period of the rotation 58,65 days. This planet has mass 3.3 x 1023 kg and diameter 4879.4 km. Imagined, because of its distance that very close with the sun, the temperature in the surface of this planet really extreme. During the day the temperature in the surface of this planet achieved 400 degree celcius (is hot enough to melt solid zinc) and -150 degree celcius tonight. The surface of Mercury is not as smooth as the planet earth. The surface of this planet is filled with the craters that are estimated because the collision of the meteor or asteroids resulting from the nonexistence of the atmosphere that covered this planet. Its surface materials consist of basaltic and anorthositic rocks and regolith.
Venus
Venus is the second planet closest with the sun after the planet mercury. Its semi-major axis is 0,723 AU or 108.208.930 km. Its diameter 12104 km with mass 4.87 x 1024 kg.This planet has the period of rotation 243,02 days (that a direction with the hour needle that is from the east to the west) that is significantly older than time that is needed to complete one round of its orbit over the sun (224,7 days).The content of the atmosphere in this planet most are carbondioxide (97%) and the rest of them nitrogen (its atmosphere is very thick). So as very impossible to believe in the existence of the life in this planet. Moreover, because of the amount of carbondioxide that is contained in its atmosphere cause the occurrence of the incident greenhouse effect. Although in covered with CO2, the experts astrobiology estimate the existence termobactery certain that still can be holding the life there.
Earth
The Earth is the only planet in the Solar System that inside is gotten by the life. Its mass around 5,980,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 kg with the diameter of the ball 12756 km. The density of the the Earth is the same as the density of Venus around 5,52 g/cm3. Time that is needed Earth to complete one round of its orbit over the Sun for 365,25 days. With the period of rotation about 23,93 hours. The compiler's component of the Earth atmosphere consist of 78% Nitrogen, 21% Oxygen and 1% Argon. Although having many similarities with Venus, but the temperature of the Earth surface not is as hot in the Venus surface. The temperature in the Earth surface in general 287 K. The Earth have a satellite that have a name the Moon.
Mars
The planet that often is acknowledged as red planet have the radius twice the radius of the Moon, that is as big as 3393 km and its mass 642,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 kg. With the density 3,8 g/cm3, smaller than the Earth’s density. The average distance of Mars from the Sun to 227,936,640 km with eccentricity of the orbit 0,093. Its rotation period and its orbital period are 1,026 days and 687 days (1,9 years) respectively. In broad outline, the surface part of the Mars, is divided into two, namely the southern part that is the area of the plateau that is full of the crater and indentations as well as the northern part that most consist of the plain that is full of the volcano that go out. The biggest crater that was found in this planet had diameter about 1800 km with the depth 6 km and was given a name Hellas. If in Earth is gotten the Everest mountain that is the highest mountain in Earth, evidently in the Mars planet also is gotten Volcano Mount that is highest in the Solar System that is given by the name “Olympus Mons” that have the height 24 km on the surface of the planet. The composition of the atmosphere of the Mars of the compiler's gas consisted of 95,3% CO2, 2,7% Nitrogen, 1.6%Argon, and other gas like Oxygen, carbon monoxide and steam. Mars have two satellites that are named Phobos and Deimos that are their respective have the period of the rotation and the period of the same revolution, so as the two satellites will always show the side that is same in its rotation surrounded the Mars.
Jupiter
Jupiter is the biggest planet in the Solar System. Its radius around 71500 km or around 11 Earth radius times with the mass around 1,900,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 kg. And its density 1,33 g/cm3, smaller than the Earth density. This is caused because of the compiler's material of this planet is dominated by light elements, those are Hydrogen and Helium. The average distance of this planet is 778,412,020 km (the eccentricity of the orbit 0,048) from the Sun and needs time 11,86 years to complete one round of its orbit over the Sun. The period of the rotation of this planet is very fast, only 9,8 hours. This matter is caused because of the compiler's composition Jupiter that most consisted of light elements and caused his form to become rather flat. With the radius comparison in the pole and in the equator was 1/15. In the surface of this planet is gotten a spot that apparently have the shape of oval and coloured reddish, that is named the Great Red Spot. This spot in fact is the area of the very big collection of the storm cloud. Its size as big as 420,000,000 km2.The compiler's composition of the Jupiter atmosphere consisted of 90% H2, 9% Helium, 0,07% CH4, 0,02% NH3, and other gas that the amount very few. This planet is also famous in a fourth manner his satellite that is given by the name of the Galileo satellite (Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto), because that found the four of them was Galileo. Apart from the four satellites, Jupiter is still having 12 satellites more, that is Amalthea, Sinope, Pasiphae, Carme, Thebe, Leda, Himalia, Adrasthea, Elara, Lysithea, Metis, and Ananke.
Saturn
Saturn is the second biggest planet in the Solar System after Jupiter. Its diameter around 120660 km, its mass 569,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 kg and its density 0,705 g/cm3. Look at its density that is very small, make Saturn can be floating on the surface of water. The compiler's composition of this planet same like Jupiter that is dominated by light elements like Helium and Hydrogen. As a result the rotation of this planet become very fast (10,2 hours, fastest in the Solar System) and make this planet flat in its two poles. The compiler's composition of the Saturn atmosphere consist of 97% Hydrogen, 3% Helium, and Methane. The planet that be at a distance 1,426,725,400 km (with eccentricity of the orbit 0,056) from the Sun have the sidereal period 29,46 years. For quite a long time because of its distance that very far with the Sun. In Saturn also is gotten the great spot like available in Jupiter, that is the Great White Spot. This Great White Spot in fact is the storm cloud that its form is similar like the cloud cirrus available in the Earth atmosphere. In this spot is estimated the process of the crystallisation of ammonia happen. That is most interesting from this planet is rings that travel around it. That is located around 60330 km. These rings consist of thousands of rings that are made from particles that the size its bigger than particles that compiled Jupiter rings. These particles are measuring ice chunks 5 mm up to 5 m. It is wide that the ring reach 234000 km and its thickness only some hundred kilometres then. Like Jupiter, Saturn also has many satellites that accompany it. The satellite that is owned Saturn numbering 18 satellites, they are Pan, Rhea, Iapetus, Dione, Thetys, Mimas, Enceladus, Hyperion, Phoebe, Janus, Epimetheus, Atlas, Prometheus, Pandora, Telesto, Titan, Calypso, and Helena.
Uranus
The planet that have diameter 51118 km is in the distance 2,870,972,200 km (with eccentricity of orbit 0,77) so as to needs time 84 years to complete one round of its orbit. The period of its rotation only 17,9 hours (retrograde). This planet have the mass 86,800,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 kg and its density is 1,29 g/cm3. The compiler's components of the atmosphere of this planet including 83% Hydrogen, 15% Helium, and 2% Methane. Uranus also have the ring as in the case of Jupiter and Saturn. However, particles of the compiler of this rings are very thin and dark that consisted of stone chunks or material carbon. Uranus had 17 satellites that accompanied it they are Miranda, Ariel, Umbriel, Titania, Oberon, Cordelia, Ophelia, Bianca, Cressida, Desdemona, Juliet, Portia, Rosalind, Belinda, Puck, S/1997 U1, and S/1997 U2.
Neptune
Neptune have the mass around 102,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 kg or around 17 times more massive of the Earth. Its diameter is 49528 km with the density 1,64 g/cm3. Because of its distance that very far with the Sun that is around 4,498,252,900 km (eccentricity 0,009), this planet needs time around 164,8 years to complete one round of its orbit. The compiler's component of his atmosphere consisted of 74% Hydrogen, 25% Helium, and 1% Methane. Around this planet also is gotten the very thin ring. Neptune have 8 satellites those are Triton, Nereid, Naiad, Thalassa, Despina, Galatea, Larissa, and Proteus.
Dwarf Planet
Was based on the decision that was agreed to to International Astronomical Union (IAU) last August 2006 was appointed that dwarf planet is the celestial object that orbits around the Sun, have the mass that is enough so as the style of its gravitation can maintain its form as the almost round solid, and have the unclean orbit in a sense can cut or the overlap with the orbit of the other planet and not a satellite. Below these are objects the Solar System of the member's sky that including the group of dwarf planet (and their size) in part:
Pluto (2306 km)
Xena (2400 km)
2003 EL61 (2000*1000*1200 km)
2005 FY9 (1500 +/- 300 km)
Sedna (1500 km)
Orcus (1000 +/- 200 km)
Quaoar (~1000 km)
Varuna (600 +/- 150 km)
2002 TX300 (<700km)
Ixion (500 +/- 100 km)
2002 AW197 (700 +/- 100 km)
Asteroid
Asteroid is chunks of the space stone that it is suspected is the remnants of the fragment of the planet. The place of residence of asteroids in the Solar System is named the Asteroid Belt that is located between the orbit of the Mars and Jupiter. Asteroid that the first time was found was Ceres, that was found by an Italian astronomer named Giuseppe Piazzi during 1801. Initially, people thought that that was the planet that uptil now was sought by many astronomers according to Titius-Bode Method, that in the distance 2,8 AU ought to have a planet. However, finally they knew that that not a planet. Afterwards was followed again by the discovery asteroid that was given by the Pallas name and Vesta. Till at this time has been found around 18000 asteroid. One asteroid that is measuring big can threat the life of humankind in front of Earth if being successful penetrate (is not finished is burnt) the atmosphere and pound the Earth surface. Resulting from that is caused to be the formation of the crater that the width reach several kilometres because of its mass that is big. If this matter really happen, then as a result was like that had been experienced Earth 65 million years ago that caused the extinction of the dinosaurs.
Comet
A comet is a small body in the Solar Systemthat orbits the Sun and, when close enough to the Sun, exhibits a visible coma (or atmosphere) and/or a tail — both primarily from the effects of solar radiation upon the comet's nucleus. The nucleus itself measures a few kilometres or tens of kilometres across, and is composed mostly of rock, dust and ice. Comets originate in the outer solar system; they are thrown inwards towards the Sun by gravitational perturbations from planets or nearby stars. They have a variety of different orbital periods, ranging from a few years, to 50 or 100 years, to thousands of years, while some are believed to pass through the inner Solar System only once before being thrown out into interstellar space. Short-period comets are thought to originate in the Kuiper Belt, which lies beyond the orbit of Neptune. Long-period comets are believed to originate at a very much greater distance from the Sun, in a cloud (the Oort Cloud) consisting of debris left over from the condensation of the solar nebula. Asteroids originate via a different process, but very old comets which have lost all their volatile materials may come to resemble asteroids.
Kuiper Belt
Frederick C. Leonard (1930) and Kenneth E. Edgeworth (1943) was the astronomers who the first time found the existence of the belt kuiper. During 1951, Gerard Kuiper proposed that this belt was the source from the comet that be aged short, that is the comet that had the period of the orbit less than 200 years. The belt and objects inside was named in accordance with the Kuiper name after the discovery (15760) 1992 QB1. The Kuiper belt is a territory in the Solar System that is located in and around the Neptune orbit (around 30 AU) up to 50 AU from the Sun. Objects are in this Kuiper belt acknowledged as the object trans-Neptune. The object trans-Neptune is the object in the Solar System by all or most orbits its passed the Neptune orbit. The Kuiper belt and the Oort cloud are the name for the subdivision from this space. Pluto and its satellite, Charon are the object trans-Neptune.
Oort Cloud
The Oort cloud is an immense spherical cloud surrounding the planetary system and extending approximately 3 light years, about 30 trillion kilometers from the Sun. This vast distance is considered the edge of the Sun's orb of physical, gravitational, or dynamical influence. Within the cloud, comets are typically tens of millions of kilometers apart. They are weakly bound to the sun, and passing stars and other forces can readily change their orbits, sending them into the inner solar system or out to interstellar space. This is especially true of comets on the outer edges of the Oort cloud. The structure of the cloud is believed to consist of a relatively dense core that lies near the ecliptic plane and gradually replenishes the outer boundaries, creating a steady state. One sixth of an estimated six trillion icy objects or comets are in the outer region with the remainder in the relatively dense core. In addition to stellar perturbations where another star's Oort cloud passes through or close to the Sun's Oort cloud, are the influences of giant molecular clouds and tidal forces. A giant molecular-cloud is by far more massive than the Sun. It is an accumulation of cold hydrogen that is the birthplace of stars and Solar System. These are infrequently encountered, about every 300-500 million years, but when they are encountered, they can violently redistribute comets within the Oort cloud. Tidal forces affecting the Oort cloud come from stars in the Milky Way's galactic disk with some pull from the galactic core. The tide results from the sun and comets being different distances from these massive amounts of matter. The force on the comets from these tides is greater than the perturbations of passing stars, and comets beyond 200,000 AU are easily lost to interstellar space. This pull contributes to the steady state which replenishes the outer comets that are randomly distributed away from the ecliptic plane. The total mass of comets in the Oort cloud is estimated to be 40 times that of Earth. This matter is believed to have originated at different distances and therefore temperatures from the sun, which explains the compositional diversity observed in comets. Typical noontime temperatures are four degrees Celsius above absolute zero. As temperatures move toward absolute zero, the kinetic energy of the molecules approach a finite value. Absolute zero should not be considered a state of zero energy without motion. There still remains some molecular energy, although it is at a minimum, at absolute zero. The Oort cloud is the source of long-period comets and possibly higher-inclination intermediate comets that were pulled into shorter period orbits by the planets, such as Halley and Swift-Tuttle. Comets can also shift their orbits due to jets of gas and dust that rocket from their icy surface as they approach the sun. Although they get off course, comets do have initial orbits with widely different ranges, from 200 years to once every million years or more. Comets entering the planetary region for the first time, come from an average distance of 44,000 astronomical units. Long period comets can appear at any time and come from any direction. Bright comets can usually be seen every 5-10 years. Two recent Oort cloud comets were Hyakutake and Hale-Bopp. Hyakutake was average in size, but came to 0.10 AU (15,000,000 km) from Earth, which made it appear especially spectacular. Hale-Bopp, on the other hand, was an unusually large and dynamic comet, ten times that of Halley at comparable distances from the sun, making it appear quite bright, even though it did not approach closer than 1.32 AU (197,000,000 km) to the Earth. Recognition of the Oort cloud gave explanation to the age old questions: "What are comets, and where do they come from?" In 1950, Jan H. Oort inferred the existence of the Oort cloud from the physical evidence of long-period comets entering the planetary system. This Dutch astronomer, who determined the rotation of the Milky Way galaxy in the 1920's, interpreted comet orbital distribution with only 19 well-measured orbits to study and successfully recognized where these comets came from. Additional gathered data has since confirmed his studies, establishing and expanding our knowledge of the Oort cloud.
AstroNewQuestions (# 3rd Edition/6th January 2008)
Sunday, January 6, 2008
Hi...!!! Welcome In ANQ
Yup, for 3rd edition, i'll give two questions for all friends about Astrophysics problems
Enjoy It...!!!
Yup, for 3rd edition, i'll give two questions for all friends about Astrophysics problems
Enjoy It...!!!
AstroNewQuestions
3rd Edition
January 6th , 2008
A star cluster is observed to 25 light years from the Earth. Its diameter is 14 light years. Calculate diameter of a star in this cluster, if observed about 0.0725 arc seconds! Drawing the sketch!
A star appeared about 2737 Amstrongs with parallax 25 arc seconds. If flux energy of star is 1.26 watt/m2. Estimate its radius!
The answer of these question will be given next edition
****GoodLuck To You****
The Answers of AstroNewQuestions 2nd Edition, 16th December 2007
Answers of
AstroNewQuestions
2nd Edition
December 16th , 2007
Earth receives around 1380 watt/m2 of energy from the Sun. How much energy does Saturn receive from the Sun? Given Saturn-the Sun distance is 9.5 AU.
Answer:
LB = LS
E2 / E1 = ( d1 / d2 ) 2
E2 / E1 = ( 1 / 9.5 ) 2
E2 = 0.011 ( 1380 )
E2 = 15.29 watt/m2
What is the maximum possible elongation of Venus? Given that its distance from the Sun is 0.723 AU.
Answer:
The maximum elongation of Venus occur if the corner is formed by The Earth point and the Sun point to Venus is 90 degree. Where VS perpendicular to VE.
dSE = 1 AU, and
dSV = 0.723 AU, so
sin
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)